T-lymphotrophic virus

ABSTRACT

A substantially pure polypeptide having at least one antigenic determinant that is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein from a cell line infected with simian T-lymphotrophic virus-III or human T-lymphotrophic virus-IV (HTLV-IV), the protein being selected from: a) a glycoprotein having a molecular weight (m.w.) of aobut 160,000 daltons; a glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 120,000 daltons; a gag protein having a m.w. of about 55,000 daltons; a gag protein having a m.w. of about 24,000 daltons; and a glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 32,000 daltons. Also disclosed are various methods of immunoassay using that peptide or antibodies raised to it. Finally, immunoassays for simian specimens are disclosed using peptides that are immunologically cross-reactive with the above-described peptide, or antibodies thereto.

[0001] This invention was made with Government support, including NIH research grants CA37466 and CA18216, and National Research Service Award ST32 CA9382. The Government has certain rights in the invention. This application is a continuation-in-part of our commonly owned pending application Ser. No. 798,126, filed Nov. 14, 1985, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to primate T-lymphotrophic viruses, as well as assays for such viruses and substances used in those assays.

[0003] A group of closely related human retroviruses that preferentially infect helper T-lymphocytes have been designated human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV). One type of HTLV, designated HTLV-I, has been linked with the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (Poiesz et al. (1980) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 77:7415). A virus related to HTLV-I has been reported in non-human primates, specifically Asian and African Old World primate species, but not New World primates and prosimians. The primate viruses from baboons, African green monkeys, and Macaca species are related to, yet distinct from, HTLV-I. Guo et al. (1984) Science 223:1195; Tsujimoto et al. (1985) Virology 144:59.

[0004] Another type of HTLV, designated variously as HTLV-III, or Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (“LAV” or “ARV”) is the prototype virus from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Popovic et al. (1984) Science 224:497; Salahuddin et al. (1984) Science 224:500; Schupbach et al. (1984) Science 224:503; Sarngadharn et al. (1984) Science 224:506). Various antigenic proteins from HTLV-III infected cells have been reported, including:

[0005] 1) a 55 kd gag polyprotein (p55) which yields a 24 kd protein (p24) as the major virus core protein, and a 17 kd phosphoprotein (pp17) (Schupbach et al. (1984) Science 224:503-505); and

[0006] 2) an envelope glycoprotein (gp160) which gives rise to a 120 kd glycoprotein (gp120) at its amino terminus (Essex and Lee, USSN 670,361, filed Nov. 9, 1984, and a continuation-in-part thereof filed Nov. 7, 1985, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] We have discovered an exogenous type C retrovirus that infects simian species and is closely related to HTLV-III. Specifically, cells infected with simian T-lymphotrophic virus-III (STLV-III) produce proteins that are generally immunologically cross-reactive with the respective major proteins produced by HTLV-III infected cells. STLV-III infects African green monkeys (AGM), and Macaca species, and may infect other primate species. As used in this application, the term African green monkeys includes all animals classified as members of the genus Cercopithecus and particularly the species C. aethiops. Growth characteristics, T-4 tropism, and ultrastructural morphology of STLV-III are similar to that of HTLV-III. The STLV-III that infects Macaca species (STLV-III_(MAC)) induces biological effects similar to those that HTLV-III induces in humans, including immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive disease. The STLV-III that infects African green monkeys (STLV-III_(AGM)) does not appear to produce disease. The term STLV-III is used in this application to include STLV-III_(AGM) and any and all forms, subtypes and variations of those and other HTLV-III-like retroviruses that infect simians.

[0008] We have also discovered a human virus, HTLV-IV, that is virtually indistinguishable from STLV-III_(AGM) by immunological techniques, and, like STLV_(AGM), does not appear to cause AIDS or ARC-like symptoms in infected humans. The term HTLV-IV is used to designate viruses that immunologically are more closely related to STLV-III than to HTLV-III as indicated by the strength and breadth (number of determinants recognized) of immunological cross reactivity. The term HTLV-IV is used for convenience to refer to human viruses, without necessarily implying any distinction between STLV-III and HTLV-IV.

[0009] The discovery and characterization OL STLV-III and HTLV-IV is important in several respects. First, STLV-III- and HTLV-IV-infected cells provide a source of antigenic determinants that are generally useful in assays of simian or human specimens, as described below. Second, the animal species particularly at risk for STLV-III infection, the African green monkeys, is used for research and development of a variety of biological reagents; for example African green monkey tissue is used in the production of oral polio vaccine. It is desirable to reduce the chance (however unlikely) that an AIDS-like disease could be transmitted inadvertently in polio vaccine or other products produced from STLV-III-infected animal tissue. Third, since STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-IV do not appear to cause disease in infected monkeys or humans, yet are immunologically cross-reactive with disease-causing HTLV-III, a vaccine based on STLV-III or HTLV-IV could protect against AIDS. Peptides having STLV-III or HTLV-IV antigenic determinants and assays using them.

[0010] Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention generally features a substantially pure polypeptide having at least one antigenic determinant that is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein from a cell line infected with STLV-III or HTLV-IV, the protein being selected from: a) a glycoprotein having a molecular weight (m.w.) of about 160,000 daltons; a glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 120,000 daltons; a gag protein having a m.w. of about 55,000 daltons; a gag protein having a m.w. of about 24,000 daltons; and a glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 32,000. By “a polypeptide having an antigenic determinant that is substantially identical to a protein antigenic determinant” is meant a polypeptide comprising an antigenic determinant which: a) in common with the protein antigenic determinant, will react with a given antibody; and b) is derived either by i) isolating the naturally produced protein or a fragment of it; or ii) synthesizing (e.g. by expression of DNA such as by the general method of Chang et al. (1985) Nature 315:151, or chemical synthesis) an amino acid sequence identical to the protein antigenic determinant. As demonstrated below, the STLV-III and HTLV-IV cell proteins are immunologically cross-reactive with HTLV-III cell proteins, but the reaction of an STLV-III or HTLV-IV protein with a given antibody may vary in comparison to the reaction of the corresponding HTLV-III protein with the same antibody. Therefore, while the STLV-III and HTLV-IV antigenic determinants may be substantially identical for purposes of this application, neither STLV-III nor HTLV-IV determinants are substantially identical to HTLV-III determinants.

[0011] Preferably, the polypeptide antigenic determinant is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein expressed in a cell line infected with STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV. Also preferably, the polypeptide is one of the proteins listed above, or a fragment thereof; most preferably, the polypeptide is a gp32 or a gp160 or gp120 glycoprotein in the glycosylated or unglycosylated form. Also preferably, the polypeptide is not substantially cross-reactive with the HTLV-III/LAV glycoprotein p41; and the polypeptide antigenic determinant is more strongly reactive with a determinant of an STLV-III or HTLV-IV glycoprotein than with an HTLV-III glycoprotein determinant. Other useful polypeptides which have the necessary immunogenic determinants include synthetic polypeptides.

[0012] The above described polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention are useful, among other things, for assaying for the presence of antibodies to T-lymphotrophic viral antigens, by incubating a specimen with the polypeptide and determining whether or not an immunocomplex is formed. Also, the above-described polypeptides can be used to raise an antibody that is useful for assaying a biological specimen (e.g., human or simian) for the presence of an antigenic determinant that is immunologically cross-reactive with a determinant of one of the four proteins listed above. The assay is performed by incubating the specimen with the antibody thus raised and determining whether an immunocomplex is formed. The determinants to be assayed may occur on the stated proteins themselves or on other polypeptides. They may be in free circulation in the body fluids or in lymphocytes. The assay can be carried out by known immunoassay methods, using antibodies, monoclonal or polyvalent, having immune reactivity with the antigenic determinants found on the stated proteins. For example, competitive immunoassays or immunometric (sandwich) assays can be used. The assays of the first aspect are preferably performed on simian specimens, but they can also be performed on human specimens.

[0013] Assays of simian specimens

[0014] While the first aspect of the invention features assays that may be conducted on human as well as simian specimens, there is a second aspect of the invention specifically featuring assays on simian specimens. In this apsect, the assay for antibodies to viral antigens can be performed as described above, but a broader class of polypeptides can be used. Thus the second aspect is not limited to assays for antibodies using polypeptides that have an antigenic determinant that is “substantially identical” to the proteins as defined above; the assays use any polypeptide with an antigenic determinant that is immunologically cross-reactive with a determinant of one of the five listed STLV-III or HTLV-IV proteins, regardless of whether the polypeptide determinant is “substantially identical” to the protein determinant. The polypeptides used in the assays of the second aspect include those obtained from cell lines infected with HTLV-III, HTLV-IV, or STLV-III (most preferably STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV). The polypeptides used in the assays of the second aspect include the glycoproteins (in their glycosylated or unglycosylated form) described in Essex and Lee, USSN 607,361, filed Nov. 9, 1984 which is hereby incorporated by reference. It has been shown that anti-idiotypic reagents are useful for the detection of antigens carrying sites which are immunologically cross-reactive with those on the antibodies (Potocnjak et al. Science (1982) 215:1637-1639). Thus, such anti-idiotypic antibodies (or immunologically active fragments of them) which can be used as an assay for the presence of antibodies to STLV-III viral antigens; specifically it includes antibodies or fragments thereof which are anti-idiotypic towards the active determinants of STLV-III or HTLV-IV infected cell proteins. Such an anti-idiotypic antibody can be raised against antibodies to the proteins. Preferably, monoclonal antibodies are used.

[0015] Also, the second aspect of the invention features assaying simian specimens for an antigenic determinant of a protein of STLV-III as generally described above by incubating the specimen with an antibody (preferably a monoclonal antibody) raised to a polypeptide that is immunologically cross-reactive with one of the five proteins of STLV-III or HTLV-IV infected cells. Preferably, the antibody is raised to protein of a cell infected with STLV-III or HTLV-IV, specifically to gp32, gp120, or gp160 of such a cell.

[0016] Vaccines

[0017] Finally, in a third aspect, the invention features a vaccine comprising STLV-III_(AGM) , HTLV-IV, or a subunit protein or polypeptide thereof, such as the gpl2O, or gpl6O or a peptide fraction of those molecules that reacts with HTLV-III. This could be presented in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Vaccine could also comprise proteins from cells infected with STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV, or an altered form thereof.

[0018] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0019] We first briefly describe the drawings.

[0020] I. Drawings

[0021] FIGS. 1-8 are photographs demonstrating immunoprecipitation of various serum samples with preparations of radiolabeled STLV-III or HTLV-IV infected cell lysates with SDS/PAGE.

[0022]FIG. 9 is a photograph demonstrating Western blot analysis of STLV-III and HTLV-IV.

[0023] II. Obtaining the proteins

[0024] The proteins are isolated from cell lines infected with STLV-III or HTLV-IV. The reference STLV-III and HTLV-IV cell lines were derived from co-cultivation of infected lymphocytes and HUT-78 cells. The HUT 78 cell line is a well-characterized mature human T-cell line reported in Gazdar et al. Blood 55:409 (1980); Poiesz et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 77:6815 (1980). Two such HUT-78/STLV-III_(AGM) cell lines have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under ATCC Nos. CRL 8942, 8943. An HTLV-IV/HUT-78 cell line is deposited with the ATCC as CRL No. ______. Relevant proteins could be genetically mapped, and the proteins could then be made by genetic engineering.

[0025] The preferred proteins are the gp160/120 glycoproteins, which have a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 daltons and 160,000 daltons as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE), gel electrophoresis, and the proteins are soluble in SDS buffer consisting of 0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.05 M Tris hydrochloride pH 7.2, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Triton X-100 is a nonionic detergent (octylphenoxy polyethoxy (9-10) ethanol). The unglycosylated moiety of the 160,000 dalton glycoprotein has a molecular weight of approximately 90,000 daltons and is immunogenic, sharing some antigenic determinant or determinants with the glycoproteins themselves.

[0026] A variety of other cell lines can be infected with STLV-III or HTLV-IV; among them can be mentioned H9 cells, NC37 cells, Molt 3 cells, Molt 4 cells, and CEN cells. It may be that the exact sizes of the novel glycoproteins are slightly different in different lines; however, the common immunologically cross-reactive portion of the glycoproteins is the same regardless of cell line, since it is a protein induced by STLV-III or HTLV-IV. Thus, any cell which harbors the virus may be an appropriate source for the novel glycoproteins.

[0027] In order to obtain the protein from any infected cells carrying the virus, the cells are metabolically labelled (e.g. with ³⁵S-cysteine) and immunoprecipitated with antisera obtained from STLV-III infected animals or HTLV-IV infected humans. The glycoproteins can be prepared with lentil-lectin affinity chromatography from infected cell lysate and subjected to SDS/PAGE. For example, the glycoproteins are present in cell HUT 78/STLV-III- or HTLV-IV-infected cell lines. HUT 78 cells can be infected with fresh virus isolates from infected animals or humans. The glycoproteins can readily be separated from the cells of these cell lines by lysis thereof and SDS gel electrophoresis.

[0028] III. Assays

[0029] Purified and isolated glycoproteins or any antigen immunologically cross-reactive therewith can be employed as a standard antigen in any conventional assay procedure for detection of antibodies specific thereto in biological specimens, and hence detection of the presence in the specimen of cells infected with STLV-III or HTLV-IV.

[0030] The glycoproteins or polypeptides immunologically cross-reactive therewith can be labelled by conventional procedures with ¹²⁵I or ³⁵S or ³H for use in radioimmunoassay, with fluorescein for fluorescent immunoassay, with enzyme for enzyme immunoassay, or with biotin for biotin-avidin linked assays. It can be employed labelled or unlabelled as desired, in competitive immunoassays, as well as in double antibody assays using two antibodies, either of the idiotype:antiidiotype variety or more particularly of the second antibody type using an anti-Fc antibody, or other assays.

[0031] Alternatively, the glycoproteins or polypeptides immunologically cross-reactive therewith could be immobilized on an insoluble phase, such as an insoluble resin, and detection of the anti-glycoprotein antibodies is carried out by measuring their binding to the insoluble phase. Insoluble phases also include latex particles, which, when coated with the novel glycoprotein or its immunologically cross-reactive polypeptides and subjected to anti-glycoprotein antibody, will agglutinate. Yet other insoluble phases include test tubes, vials, titration wells, and the like, to which the novel glycoprotein or its immunologically cross-reactive polypeptide can be bound, and antibody thereto detected by double antibody techniques or Protein-A dependent techniques.

[0032] The assay for antibodies which recognizes STLV-III- or HTLV-IV-induced cell surface antigens may utilize the glycoprotein or glycoproteins or the unglycosylated moiety of MW 120,000 daltons, 160,000 daltons and 90,000 daltons respectively in crude form, and is not limited to using these proteins in substantially pure form. For example, the glycoprotein(s) may be first substantially purified and then mixed together. Alternatively cruder mixtures can also be used.

[0033] The elements necessary for carrying out the diagnostic methodology described hereinbefore may be present in a kit. Such kit comprises a carrier being compartmentalized to receive therein one or more containers, which of said containers comprising one or more elements necessary to carry out the tests.

[0034] For example, the first container may contain one or both of the purified glycoproteins or its immunologically cross-reactive polypeptides in detectably labelled or in insolubilized form.

[0035] A second container may comprise anti IgG antibody, polyclonal or monoclonal, useful in double antibody binding assay, or elements needed for detection of the label on the glycoprotein or its immunologically cross-reactive polypeptides (e.g. chromogenic substrates).

[0036] Additional containers may comprise varying amounts of one of the glycoproteins or its immunologically cross-reactive polypeptides which can be used to prepare a standard curve into which experimental results can be interpolated. The materials may be present in the kit by themselves, in solution, freeze-dried, or in admixture with other inert materials, such as inert proteins, and the like.

[0037] The biological specimens tested may include blood, serum, lymphocytes, urine, tissues, saliva, feces, and the like. Of particular interest is the screening of blood or other tissue of African green monkeys to be used in vaccine production.

[0038] The following specific examples are intended to illustrate more fully the nature of the invention without acting as a limitation upon its scope.

EXAMPLES 1 and 2 Assay of STLV-infected macaque serum with STLV-III antigens

[0039]FIG. 1 shows the reactivity of various simian serum samples with the glycoprotein preparation of HUT-78/STLV-III_(MAC) (lane a) and uninfected control HUT-78 (lane b). The glycoproteins are prepared from soluble cell lysates of the cells made with RIPA buffer as described below for FIG. 2, lacking sodium deoxycholate. The lysates are passed through a lentil-lectin-Sepharose C1-4B (Pharmacia, Sweden) column at a ratio of 20×10⁶ cells to 1 to 2 ml of undiluted lentil-lectin-Sepharose C1-4B. The glycoproteins are eluted from the column with a buffer [0.15 M NaCl, 0.05 M tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 1% Triton X-100, and 0.2 methyl-α-D-mannoside]. The eluted bound fraction is reacted with 10 μl test sera that have been reacted to protein A beads (for example used in the general technique of Essex et al. [1983] Science 220:859). The sera used are: Lanes 1 and 2—human reference HTLV-III, positive serum; Lane 3—human reference HTLV-III, negative serum; Lanes 4 and 5—STLV-III positive macaque serum; Lane 6—STLV-III negative macaque serum. The immunoprecipitates are eluted from protein A beads boiling at 100° C. for 2 min. [sample buffer: 0.1 Cleland's reagent; 2% SDS; 0.08 M tris-HCl; pH 6.8; 10 percent glycerol; 0.2% bromophenol blue.] Samples are analyzed by SDS/PAGE in a 10.0 percent acrylamide resolving gel with a 3.5 percent stacking gel according to the discontinuous buffer system of Laemnili (1970) Nature (London) 227:680.

[0040] In FIG. 2, HUT-78/STLV-IIIMAc (lanes a) and HUT-78 (lanes b) are harvested at their peak of log-phase growth and are exposed to [³⁵S] cysteine [150 μCi/ml; specific activity, 1000 to 1050 Ci/mmole; New England Nuclear] for 8-10 hours. A soluble cell lysate is prepared by disruption of cells with RIPA buffer (0.15 M NaCl, 0.5 tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS). The lysate is then centrifuged for 1 h. at 100,000 g. The lysates are reacted with 10 μl of the following test sera: lane 1—monoclonal anti—p24 (HTLV-III); lanes 2 and 3—human reference HTLV-III, positive serum; lane 4—human reference HTLV-III, negative serum; lanes 5 and 6—macaque reference STLV-III positive serum; lane 7—macaque reference STLV-III negative serum.

[0041] In both FIGS. 1 and 2, the STLV-III-infected macaque serum recognizes the gpl2O/gpl6O protein of STLV-III_(MAX)-infected cells.

EXAMPLE 3 Macaca STLV-III as determined by HTLV-III infected cells

[0042] As shown in FIG. 3, the procedures described in example 2 were performed with HTLV-III-infected H9 cells using at lanes 1-5 the sera described for FIG. 2 at lanes 1-5 and using a representative macaque serum negative for STLV-III at lane 6.

EXAMPLES 4-6 STLV-III detected in Simians by STLV-III cell proteins

[0043] In FIG. 4, the above-described procedures were performed using HUT 78/STLV-III(a) and HUT 78(b) on the following serum samples: lane 1) monoclonal anti-p24 (HTLV-III); lane 2) human reference serum positive to HTLV-III; lane 3) human reference serum negative to HTLV-III; lane 4) macaque serum positive for STLV-III; lanes 5) and 6) AGM sera, positive for STLV-III; lane 7) AGM negative for STLV-III; lane 8) baboon serum negative for STLV-III; lane 9) chimpanzee serum negative for STLV-III. The 160, 120, 55, and 24 kd viral antigens of STLV-III are immunoprecipitated by positive macaque sera and by HTLV-III positive sera.

[0044]FIG. 5 demonstrates protein expression in seven different African green monkeys that are infected with STLV-III. Cell cultures from those monkeys were derived by cocultivation with HUT 78 cells. The cell cultures were metabolically labeled with ³⁵S cysteine and RIP-SDS/PAGE of whole cell lysates was performed with: a) an STLV-III antibody positive. AGM serum sample; b) an STLV-III antibody negative AGM serum sample; and c) an HTLV-III antibody positive reference serum sample from a human with AIDS-related complex. Lanes designated C represent HUT 78 uninfected cells that were similarly labeled.

[0045] Specifically, cells from the above-described cultures were exposed to [³⁵S] cysteine [−150 Ci/ml; specific activity 1000-1050 Ci/mmole; New England Nuclear (NEN)] for four to six hours. A soluble cell lysate was prepared by disrupting cells with RIPA buffer (0.15 M NaCl, 0.05 M Tris-HC1, pH7.2, 1% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS), and clearing by centrifugation for one hour at 100,000 g. Each group of cell lysates were reacted with 10 pl of the test sera bound to Protein A-sepharose CL-4B (Protein A-beads, Sigma). The immunoprecipitates were eluted in a sample buffer containing 0.1 M Cleland's reagent, 2% SDS, 0.08 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 10% glycerol, and 0.2% bromophenol blue by boiling at 100° C. for two minutes. Samples were analyzed in a 10.0% acrylamide resolving gel with 3.5% stacking gel according to the discontinuous buffer system of Laemmli (1970) Nature 227:680.

[0046] As shown in FIG. 5, lysates from all seven cultures (lanes 1-7) showed bands of about 160 kd, 120 kd, 55 kd, and 24 kd, when reacted with serum from a reference antibody positive African green monkey. The same bands were not seen with lysate from uninfected HUT 78 cells (lane C). The proteins were also not detected when lysates from the seven infected cell cultures were reacted with a representative serum from an African green monkey that lacked antibodies to STLV-III. Serum from a human ARC patient recognized the 55 kd and 24 kd proteins and had faint reactivity to proteins of about 120 kd and 160 kd in lysates prepared from isolates 1-7 but the same bands were lacking in uninfected HUT 78 cells.

[0047]FIG. 6 shows immunoprecipitation by serum samples from the same seven different African green monkeys from which virus was successfully isolated were reacted with cell lysates prepared from an STLV-III_(AGM) cell line (isolate 1) and uninfected HUT 78 cells (lanes 1-7). STLV-III_(AGM) (isolate 1) infected (lanes a) and HUT 78 uninfected (lanes b) cell lysates were prepared as described above. Lanes H⁺ contain serum samples from HTLV-III antibody positive human AIDS or ARC patients; lane H⁻ contains a health control antibody negative human serum; lanes 1-7 are serum samples from African green monkeys from which virus isolates 1-7 were obtained; lanes 8-12 are serum samples from representative African green monkeys that were positive for antibodies to STLV-III_(MAC), and lane 13 is a representative African green monkey serum that was negative for antibodies to STLV-III_(MAC).

[0048] As shown in FIG. 6, sera from virus positive monkeys specifically precipitated the gp160/120, whereas only three of these serum samples additionally showed reactivity to the p55 and p24. Analysis of other African green monkeys sera has demonstrated a similar phenomenon where 11 of 42 (26%) STLV-III_(AGM) positive serum samples showed reactivity to the p55 and p24 in addition to reactivity to the gp160/120. Thus, the high molecular weight glycoproteins of this virus apparently are the most immunogenic species in infected monkeys.

[0049] STLV-III_(AGM) positive sera from African green monkeys were also analyzed for antibodies to HTLV/III/LAV proteins by RIP/SDS-PAGE where approximately 50% of these sera also showed reactivity to HTLV-III proteins. Other diagnostic assays to detect this cross-reactivity reaction, in which the same serum samples were analyzed by ELISA to HTLV-III (Electronucleonics). STLV-III_(AGM) virus and antibody positive monkeys demonstrated antibodies to HTLV-III proteins by RIP SDS/PAGE in 5 of 8 serum samples whereas ELISA detected 2 of these 8 samples as HTLV-III positive. Thus, it appears that the presence of antibodies to STLV-III specific proteins was the most closely associated with virus isolation. RIP and SDS/PAGE analysis appear to be more sensitive for the detection of the cross-reacting antibodies to the related virus in infected monkeys when compared to the HTLV-III kit ELISA.

EXAMPLE 7 Reactivity of HTLV-IV with HTLV-III and STLV-III

[0050] Serum samples from healthy individuals (prostitutes or surgery patients) were obtained in Dakar, Senegal, and screened by a commercially available HTLV-III/LAV ELISA kit assay. ELISA-positive samples were then analyzed by RIP/SDS/PAGE as generally described above, to eliminate false positives.

[0051] All positive samples demonstrated strong reactivity to all of the STLV-III viral antigens, including p24, p55, and gp120/gp160. Only 27% of the samples demonstrated reactivity to all HTLV-III/LAV antigens; some of the samples failed to demonstrate any detectable antibodies to any major HTLV-III/LAV antigens, while others possessed antibodies only to p24 and p55 gag-related antigens. In all cases the reactivity to HTLV-III gp120 and gp160 was weak or non-existent compared to reactivity to STLV-III gp120/160. And there was a lack of detectable antibodies to gp4l when analyzed by Western blot analysis by the general technique of Barin et al. Lancet, ii, pp. 1387 et seq. (1985).

[0052] Representative serum samples from these West African individuals are shown in FIG. 7, with control serum samples from STLV-III antibody-positive African green monkeys. Specifically, serum samples from people residing in West Africa were analyzed by RIP-SDS/PAGE using the whole cell lysates as follows. Cells from HTLV-III (BH10 virus) infected Molt-3 cells, uninfected Molt-3 cells, Hut-78 infected STLV-III_(AGM) , and uninfected Hut-78 cells were harvested at their peak of log phase of growth and were exposed to (³⁵S) cysteine (−150Ci/ml; specific activity 1000-1050 Ci/mmol; New England Nuclear (NEN)) for 4-6 hours. A soluble cell lysate was prepared by disrupting cells with RIPA buffer (0.15 M NaCl, 0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 1% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS), and clearing by centrifugation for 1 hour at 100,000 g. Each group of cell lysates were reacted with 10 pl of the following test sera bound to Protein A-Sepharose Cl-4B (Protein A-beads, Sigma): (Lanes 1-2) STLV-III_(AGM) antibody positive African green monkeys; (lane 3) healthy West African control with antibodies to STLV-III_(AGM); (lanes 4-8) sera from West African prostitutes with reactivity to STLV-III_(AGM); (lane 9) STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-III seronegative prostitute from West Africa; and (lane 10) healthy West African control seronegative for STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-III.

[0053] Immunoprecipitates were eluted in a sample buffer containing 0.1 M Cleland's reagent, 2% SDS, 0.08 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 10% glycerol, and 0.2% bromophenol blue by boiling at 100′ for 2 minutes. Samples were anlayzed in a 10.0% acrylamide resolving gel with 3.5% stacking gel according to the discontinuous buffer system of Laemmli referenced above.

EXAMPLE 8 Isolation of HTLV-IV

[0054] To isolate HTLV-IV, peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from eight STLV-III_(AGM) antibody positive people and were cocultivated with Hut-78 cells. The procedure for virus isolation was generally the same as that described above for STLV-III_(AGM) or in Kanki et al. (1985) Science 230:951. Remarkably, the in vitro cytolysis of target cells was not observed. Therefore, Hut-78 cells were only added once to each culture at day 5. At 21 to 28 days in culture, cellular atypia and multinucleated giant cells were evident. Beginning at 14 days after initiation, all cell cultures were monitored for viral protein expression by membrane immunofluorescence (MIF) and RIP-SDS/PAGE as previously described, using a battery of reference sera with known antibody reactivity to STLV-III_(AGM) , HTLV-III/LAV, and HTLV-I viral proteins. After 28-35 days in culture, viral proteins related to STLV-III were detected in 3 cultures by both MIF and RIP-SDS/PAGE.

[0055] Cell-free supernatants from the 3 cultures were monitored for Mg+ dependent reverse transcriptase as previously described by Popovic et al. (1984) Science 224:497 and Salahudin et al. (1984) Science 224:500. 3,500-93,000 counts per minute (cpm) over background (76-860 cpm) was observed in the 3 cell cultures expressing STLV-III viral proteins and not in cultures that were negative for viral proteins.

[0056] Cell cultures expressing antigens cross reactive with STLV-III were examined by electron microscopy. Particles characteristic of a retrovirus were observed budding from infected cell membranes. Extracellular virions demonstrated an electron-dense cylindrical core, similar to that described for both simian and human T-lymphotrophic viruses. The ultrastructural morphology of retroviral particles seen in all three cultures derived from STLV-III antibody positive people of West Africa were similar to the retroviral particles of a reference STLV-III_(AGM) cell line derived from an African green monkey. It is notable that the spike proteins of STLV-III type virions from both monkey and human origin were more prominent than those usually observed with HTLV-III/LAV virions. The level of virus production from the West African STLV-III related virus culture was similar to that observed with HTLV-III/LAV infected H9 cells, based on both visual examination and reverse transcriptase activity.

EXAMPLE 9 Identification of Antigens of HTLV-IV

[0057] As shown in FIG. 8, whole cell lysates from three HTLV-IV cell cultures (lanes 1-3), STLV-III_(AGM) reference infected Hut-78 (S) and uninfected Hut-78 cells (C) were prepared as described above and analyzed by RIP-SDS/PAGE as follows. Each group of cell lysates were reacted with the following test sera: Negative serum sample from West Africa, virus and antibody negative for STLV-III and HTLV-III, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 1, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 2, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 3, reference STLV-III antibody positive serum from an African green monkey, and reference HTLV-III antibody positive serum from an AIDS patient.

[0058] Serum from a negative control individual that lacked antibodies to both STLV-III and HTLV-III/LAV failed to recognize any specific proteins in any of the five lysates. Conversely, lysates from SLTV-III-positive cultures 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated bands of about 160, 120, 55 and 24 kd when reacted with their own sera or serum from a reference STLV-III antibody positive African green monkey (lanes 1, 2, and 3). These bands were indistinguishable from proteins with similar electrophoretic mobility precipitated from reference STLV-III_(AGM) whole cell lysate (lanes S). These bands were not detectable when the same sera were reacted with uninfected Hut-78 cell lysates (lane C) or similarly prepared whole cell lysates from cultures derived from antibody negative people from West Africa. Serum from a reference U.S. AIDS patient recognized the 55 and 24 kd proteins of STLV-III_(AGM) and reacted similarly with the same proteins in cultures 1-3; only faint reactivity to the high molecular weight proteins, gp120/160, was observed.

[0059] As shown in FIG. 9, the viral antigens of STLV-III_(AGM) recognized by the Western blot procedure include the p24, p15, p53, p64, gp120 and gp32. p24 and p15 are gag-related and analogous to similar viral proteins of HTLV-III/LAV. A 120 kd protein has been demonstrated with some STLV-III and HTLV-IV antibody positive serum samples; this protein is thought to be analogous to the HTLV-III/LAV gp120 which is less frequently detected by Western blot procedures but readily detected by HTLV-III/LAV antibody positive samples by RIP-SDS/PAGE. The smearing band at 32 kd using the Western blot technique of Barin et al. Lancet ii, p. 1387 (1985) correlates with a similar appearing 32 kd glycoprotein observed with lentil-lectin preparations and RIP-SDS/PAGE. The p32 protein may represent the transmembrane glycoprotein of STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-IV, by analogy with the gp41 of HTLV-III/LAV. The p64 and p53 of STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-IV are analogous to two pol gene products of HTLV-III/LAV, p53 and p64.

[0060] Western blots can be performed as demonstrated by the following example. Cell-free virus from cultures 1-3 as well as STLV-III_(AGM) virus from a reference cell line was collected from supernatant fluid and subjected to Western blotting by the general technique of Barin et al. Strips were incubated with the same serum samples described in connection with FIG. 8. STLV-III_(AGM) antibody positive reference serum from an African green monkey showed reactivity with gp32, p24, p53, and p64 of STLV-III_(AGM) as well as similar bands in the three virus preparations from prostitutes from West Africa (FIG. 9). Similar proteins were recognized using serum samples from individuals that had yielded STLV-III related viruses (HTLV-IV) with some variability in recognition to the gp120. Control antibody negative serum failed to detect these bands in any of the four virus preparations.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 9, Western blot analysis was performed on virus preparations of the 3 HTLV-IV cell cultures (lanes 1-3), and an STLV-III_(AGM) reference infected cell line (S). Each group of strips were reacted with: Negative serum sample from West Africa, virus and antibody negative for STLV-III and HTLV-III, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 1, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 2, STLV-III antibody positive serum from individual 3, and reference STLV-III antibody positive serum from an African green monkey.

[0062] IV. Vaccine

[0063] Since STLV-III_(AGM) and HTLV-IV are immunologically cross-reactive with HTLV-III, and yet present data indicates reduced (or no) pathenogenicity in their respective hosts. STLV-III_(AGM), HTLV-IV or a portion or derivative thereof could be used as a vaccine to protect against HTLV-III.

[0064] Specifically, using tryptic peptide analysis of the STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV peptide antigens, it is possible to determine the antigenic determinants which cross react with HTLV-III. Polypeptides that include these determinants can be synthesized, using organisms or cells engineered by recombinant DNA techniques. The resulting polypeptides can be recovered and included in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to innoculate individuals to raise protection against HTLV-III infection. Specifically, the conserved epitopes of the env protein of STLV-III and HTLV-IV are candidate immunogens for HTLV-III/LAV vaccine development. USSN ______, filed Oct. 23 or 24, 1985 by Kennedy, Dreesman and Essex, entitled Synthetic Peptides and Use for Diagnosis and Vaccination for AIDS and ARC, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and discloses one method that could be used to derive a vaccine based on polypeptide antigens of STLV-III or HTLV-IV. 

1. A substantially pure polypeptide having at least one antigenic determinant substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein produced by cells infected with simian T-lymphotrophic virus or HTLV-IV, the protein being selected from the following proteins: a) a cell-surface glycoprotein of m.w. of about 160,000; b) a cell-surface glycoprotein of m.w. of about 120,000; c) a gag protein of m.w. of about 55,000; d) a gag protein of m.w. of about 24,000; and e) a glycoprotein of m.w. of about 32,000.
 2. The polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide antigenic determinant is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein produced by a cell infected with STLV-III_(AGM).
 3. The polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide antigenic determinant is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of a protein produced by a cell infected with HTLV-IV.
 4. The polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide antigenic determinant is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of glycoprotein a) or b).
 5. The polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide antigenic determinant is substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of glycoprotein e).
 6. The polypeptide of claim 1 or claim 5 wherein said polypeptide is not substantially immunologically cross-reactive with the HTLV-III/LAV glycoprotein p41.
 7. The polypeptide of claim 4 wherein said polypeptide antigenic determinant is more strongly reactive with an antigenic determinant of glycoprotein a) or b) than with any HTLV-III/LAV glycoprotein determinant.
 8. The polypeptide of claim 4 wherein said polypeptide is said glycoprotein in its glycosylated or unglycosylated form or a fragment thereof.
 9. The polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said infected cell is the cell-line deposited as ATCC 8942, ATCC 8943, ATCC ______, or progeny thereof.
 10. A method of assaying a biological specimen for the presence of antibody to cells infected with a T-lymphotrophic virus, the method comprising a) incubating the specimen with the polypeptide of claim 1 ; and b) determining whether or not an immunocomplex is formed.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein said biological specimen is a human specimen or a simian specimen.
 12. A method of assaying a simian biological specimen for the presence of antibody to T-lymphotrophic virus infected cells, the method comprising a) incubating the specimen with a polypeptide having at least one antigenic determinant immunologically cross-reactive with the determinant of a protein obtained from a cell line infected with simian T-lymphotrophic virus, the protein being selected from: 1) a cell-surface glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 160,000; 2) a cell-surface glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 120,000; 3) a gag protein having a m.w. of about 55,000; 4) a gag protein having a m.w. of about 24,000; 5) a glycoprotein having a m.w. of about 32,000; and b) determining whether or not an immunocomplex is formed.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said polypeptide is identical to a protein or fragment thereof obtained from a cell line infected with HTLV-III, HTLV-IV, or STLV-III.
 14. The method of claim 10 wherein said polypeptide is identical to a protein or fragment thereof obtained from a cell line infected with STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein said cell line is the cell line deposited under ATCC No. 8942, ATCC No. 8943,ATCC ______, or progeny thereof.
 16. A method of detecting the presence in a biological specimen of an antigenic determinant or determinants immunologically cross-reactive with the polypeptide of claim 1 comprising incubating said specimen with antibodies raised against said polypeptide, and determining whether or not an immunocomplex is formed between the polypeptide and the antibodies.
 17. A method of detecting the presence in a simian biological specimen of an antigenic determinant or determinants immunologically cross-reactive with a determinant of a protein obtained from a cell line infected with simian T-lymphotrophic virus, the protein being selected from a) a cell-surface glycoprotein of m.w. of about 160,000; b) a cell-surface glycoprotein of m.w. of about 120,000; c) a gag protein of m.w. of about 55,000; d) a gag protein of m.w. of about 24,000; and e) a glycoprotein of m.w. of about 32,000;said method comprising: incubating said sample with an antibody that is immunologically reactive with said antigenic determinant, and determining whether or not an immunocomplex is formed between the antibody and a sample antigenic determinant.
 18. A vaccine comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 or DNA coding for said polypeptide in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 19. The vaccine of claim 18 wherein said virus is STLV-III_(AGM) or HTLV-IV.
 20. The vaccine of claim 18 wherein said polypeptide has an antigenic determinant substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of gp120 or gpl6O of African green monkey cells infected with STLV-III_(AGM).
 21. The vaccine of claim 19 wherein said STLV-III_(AGM) is the virus of cell line ATCC 8942, ATCC 8943, ATCC ______, or progeny thereof.
 22. The vaccine of claim 18 wherein said polypeptide has an antigenic determinant substantially identical to an antigenic determinant of gp120 or gp160 of cells infected with HTLV-IV.
 23. A method of protecting against T-lymphotrophic viral infection, comprising immunizing with the vaccine of claim 18 . 